Affixation in modern english

Like prefixes the suffixes are also classified according to their meaning:

1) the agent suffixes: – er, – or, – ist, – ee etc. (baker, sailor, typist, employee); 2) appurtenance: – an, – ian, – ese (Arabian, Russian, Chinese, Japanese); 3) collectivity: – age, – dom, – hood, – ery (peasantry, marriage, kingdom, childhood); 4) dimi-nutiveness: – let, – ock, – ie etc (birdie, cloudlet, hilloc

k); 5) quan-titativeness1: – ful, – ous, – y, – ive, – ly, – some.

Suffixes may be divided into different groups according to what part of speech they form:

1) noun – forming, i. e. those which are form nouns: – er, – dom, – ness, – ation, – ity, – age, – ance. – ence, – ist, – hood, – ship, – ment etc; 2) adjective-forming: – able/, – ible/. – uble, – al, – ian, – ese, – ate, – ed, – ful, – ive, – ous, – y etc; 3) numeral-forming: – teen, – th, – ty etc; 4) verb-forming: – ate, – en, – ify, – ize etc.; 5) adverb-forming: – ly, – ward, – wise etc.

Suffixes may be added to the stem of different parts of speech. According to this point of view they may be:

1) those added to verbs: – er, – ing, – ment, – able; 2) those added to nouns: – less, – ish, – ful, – ist, some etc; 3) those added to adjectives: – en, – ly, – ish, – ness etc.

Suffixes are also classified according to their stylistic reference: 1) suffixes, which characterize neutral stylistic reference: – able, – er, – ing (ex. dancer, understandable (helping); 2) suffixes which characterize a certain stylistic reference:

– oid, – form, – tron etc (astroid, rhomboid, cruciform, cyclo¬tron etc).

Bibliography

1. Ginsburg R.S. et al. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. M., 1979 pp.72–82

2. Buranov, Muminov Readings on Modern English Lexicology T. O’qituvchi 1985 pp. 34–47

3. Arnold I.V. The English Word M. High School 1986 pp. 143–149

4. O. Jespersen. Linguistics. London, 1983, pp. 395–412

5. Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. Oxford, 1982 pp. 246–249

5. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Oxford 1964. pp. 147, 167, V.D. Arakin English Russian Dictionary M. Russky Yazyk 1978 pp. 23–24, 117–119, 133–134

7. Abayev V.I. Homonyms T. O’qituvchi 1981 pp. 4–5, 8, 26–29

8. Smirnitsky A.I. Homonyms in English M.1977 pp.57–59, 89–90

9. Dubenets E.M. Modern English Lexicology (Course of Lectures) M., Moscow State Teacher Training University Publishers 2004 pp. 17–31

10. Akhmanova O.S. Lexicology: Theory and Method. M. 1972 pp. 59–66

12. Burchfield R.W. The English Language. Lnd. 1985 pp. 45–47

13. Canon G. Historical Changes and English Wordformation: New Vocabulary items. N.Y., 1986. p. 284

14. Howard Ph. New words for Old. Lnd., 1980. p. 311

15. Sheard, John. The Words we Use. N.Y., 1954.p. 3

16. Maurer D.W., High F.C. New Words – Where do they come from and where do they go. American Speech. 1982.p. 171

17. Aпресян Ю.Д. Лексическая семантика. Омонимические средства языка. М. 1974. с. 46

18. Беляева Т.М., Потапова И.А. Английский язык за пределами Англии. Л. Изд-во ЛГУ 1971 С. 150–151

19. Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка. М. Высшая школа 1959. с. 212–224

20. Виноградов В.В. Лексикология и лексикография. Избранные труды. М. 1977 с. 119–122

21. Bloomsbury Dictionary of New Words. M. 1996 с. 276–278

22. Hornby The Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English. Lnd. 1974 с. 92–93, 111

23. Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English. Longman. 1981 pp. 23–25

24. Трофимова З.C. Dictionary of New Words and New Meanings. 'Павлин', 1993.

25. World Book Encyclopedia NY Vol 8 1993 p. 321

26 Internet: http://www.wikipedia.com/English/articles/homonymy.htm

27. Internet: http://www mpsttu.ru/works/english philology/ Э.М. Дубенец. Курс лекций и планы семинарских занятий по лексикологии английского языка

[1] See also: П A. Coболева, об ocновах слов, связанных отношениями конверсии. Сб «Иностранные языки в высшей школе», вып. 2, 1963.

[2] A paradigm is defined as the system of grammatical forms characteristic of a word.

[3] Historical lexicology shows how sometimes the stem becomes bound due to the internal changes in the stem that accompany the addition of affixes; cf. broad: breadth, clean: cleanly ['klenhj, dear: dearth [dε:θ ], grief : -.grievous.

1 S. Potter, Modern Linguistics, p. 81, London, 1957

1 The contribution of Soviet scholars to this problem is seen in the works by M. D. Stepanova, E. S. Koobryakova and many others. See: И.И. Иванова, О морфологической характеристике слова в современном английском языке, «Проблемы морфологического строя германских языков», М., 1963; Е.С. Кубрякова, Что такое словообразование, М., 1965; М.Д.Степанова, Методы синхронного анализа лексики, М.: 1968.

1H. Pilch, Comparative Constructions in English, "Language", vol. 41, No1, Jan.-March 1965, p. 40

1 Immediate constituents — pny of the two meaningful parts forming a larger lin­guistic unity.

2 L. Bloomfield, Language, London, 1935, p. 210.

3 See: E. O. Nida, Morphology. The Descriptive Analysis of Words, Ann Arbor, 1946 p. Fl.

1 2.S. Harris, Methods in Structural Linguistics, p. 163.

1 E. Nida, Morphology, University of Michigan Press, 1946, pp. 81-82.

2 A.H. Cмирнициский, Лексикология английского языка, M., 1956, с. 63.

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